Greenstone Project · 2026

Who Makes
Your World?

The Structural Production of Labour Invisibility in Bali

To spatially and musically map the structural forces behind labour invisibility, while using sound to re‑humanise those systems — transforming abstract concepts and data into lived, emotional experiences.

Begin
Section 01

About the Project

What does it mean to disappear in plain sight?

Invisibility is not the absence of something. It is the condition of being present without being acknowledged — produced through systems, habits, and design. When something becomes invisible, it stops being questioned and instead becomes normal.

Bali is an island divided into two worlds. Two economics, two realities, and two versions of value. This project asks: how did that division come to feel natural? Who benefits from it? And whose labour disappears in the process?

Percentages mean nothing without an emotive piece attached. Statistics dehumanize and reduce. Half of this project works as a translation of the interviews conducted.

The research maps structural forces. The interviews ground them in human experience. The music translates both into sound. And together, they form an interruption — a deliberate crack in what has been allowed to feel inevitable.

I invite you to listen differently, feel differently, question differently, and carry that awareness beyond this room. Help me make the invisible visible.

Section 02

Structures, Systems & Institutions

The architecture of erasure

Labour invisibility in Bali is not accidental — it is structurally produced through intersecting economic, legal, cultural, and postcolonial systems. These forces do not operate in isolation. They reinforce each other, and together they make certain people's work disappear from view.

~60% of Bali's workforce
in informal sector
1.74M informal workers
on the island
7.61% registered for
social security
79% of Denpasar migrants
seek informal work
$10B annual tourism income
sustained by informal labour
01 System

Economic Structures

  • Informal Sector. 52.35% of Bali's workers — no contracts, no fixed wages, no legal protection. The essential backbone of a $10B tourism economy.
  • Social Safety Valve. Absorbs surplus labour during downturns, relieving the state of providing formal social protection.
  • Risk Shifting. All economic risk transferred from investor to individual. Only 7.61% have social security coverage.
  • Internal Migration. 79% of Denpasar immigrants seek informal work. Migration accounts for ~45% of Bali's population growth.
02 System

Tourism

  • "Paradise Island" Brand. A pervasive myth masking the physical and emotional costs of the industry. Workers perform a curated cultural identity.
  • Balisering Policies. Preserved Bali as a "living museum" — cultural producers become exhibits rather than autonomous economic actors.
  • Aesthetic Labour. Staff must embody a curated cultural identity. Technical and emotional labour rendered invisible by design.
  • Flexible Labour Pool. 56.69% of workforce was informal during COVID‑19. Tourism firms scale without legal obligation to workers.
03 System

Governance & Law

  • Legal Invisibility. Indonesian labour laws focus on formal employees — structurally excluding the informal majority from protection.
  • Union Rights — Law 21/2000. Requires 10+ workers to form a union. Effectively excludes small enterprises and gig platform workers.
  • No Employer Accountability. No written contracts = no legal relationship = no recourse for violations, unpaid overtime, or sudden termination.
  • Social Security Gap. Workers excluded from pension, health insurance, and accident coverage. Irregular incomes make premiums unaffordable.
04 System

Gentrification & Space

  • Zoning Laws. Island landscape reorganized for tourism investment. "Provincial strategic areas" used to extract revenue while displacing locals.
  • Subak Displacement. Agricultural land converted to villas. Farmers become "invisible landscapers" — maintaining paradise without sharing its prosperity.
  • Invisible Housing. Migrant workers live in non‑permanent, informal housing — spatially separated from the resort infrastructure tourists see.
  • Two Balis. Two economies, two geographies. The curated paradise and the invisible labour that sustains it share the same island.
05 System

Gender

  • Gendered Distribution. 61% male / 39% female overall — but women dominate unpaid and family worker categories at 3x the rate of men.
  • Cultural Obligation. Religious and domestic obligations shape which work women can access. Informality becomes strategic adaptation, not free choice.
  • Compounded Vulnerability. Women less registered for BPJS. Gender intersects with informality to amplify exposure to economic shocks.
  • Social Mobility. For low‑caste Hindu women, youth, and elderly — informal labour offers a rare path for entrepreneurship and mobility.
06 System

Colonial Narratives

  • "Living Museum" Frame. Balisering policies froze Balinese culture as spectacle for outside consumption — rooted in colonial observation.
  • Extractive Capital. Global capital flows from luxury tourism without circulating back locally. Colonial hierarchies of extraction persist.
  • "Island of the Gods" Myth. Orientalist framing positions Bali as spiritual escape. The myth naturalizes the invisibility of the labour behind it.
  • Who Serves? Who Profits? The colonial question persists. Structural inheritance ensures the same people serve, and the same people profit.
Section 03

Where Systems Intersect

No structure stands alone. Each one reinforces the next.

Economy Colonial

Colonial hierarchies of extraction have become tourism economics. Global investors capture value while local workers remain in low‑wage, low‑mobility informality.

Tourism Governance

The "Paradise Island" brand depends on an unprotected flexible workforce. Law does not follow the worker into the informal sector — leaving tourism firms legally unaccountable.

Gentrification Economy

Zoning transforms agricultural land into tourism infrastructure. Farmers displaced by the visual economy they sustain — maintaining paradise without sharing in its profit.

Gender Informality

Women's concentration in unpaid labour is shaped by cultural expectation, religious obligation, and a legal system that does not protect informal work. Invisibility compounds.

Colonial Tourism

Balisering policies froze Balinese culture as spectacle. The "living museum" frame continues to commodify cultural identity while obscuring the labour behind it.

Governance Gender

Law No. 21/2000 requires 10 workers to form a union — excluding women in small enterprises. Lower BPJS registration means governance gaps amplify gendered vulnerability.

Section 04

The Voices Behind the System

Abstract systems are made of real people. These voices ground the research in lived experience.

I gonna want to have a business when I getting older. But you know, until now. Because I just try to, I just, I just worry to try. I want to do bad, I cannot do until now yet. Because the business cost a lot of money, so I don't want loss money. And then maybe do business like borrow some money from the bank. So I don't want to lost that. Yeah, because there's a lot of risk.

— Voice 01 · Restaurant Operations, Bali

Stop seeing them as what they do. Just see them as human. A job is a job. Why don't we just feed people the same way?

— Voice 02 · Specialty Coffee, Mountain Bali

My father was a housekeeper. He cleaned the rooms of people who came to see Bali. Now I run a coffee shop, but I still see the same people serving the same tourists. The faces change, but the system is the same.

— Voice 03 · Inherited Service

Back on the days, I go fishing in the morning, surfing in the afternoon. I'm enjoying the island so much.

— Voice 04 · Nusa Lembongan, Surf School

As Indonesia, as a single mom, it's not that easy. And then nobody gonna help you. Even though they said that you have a family — no, they don't. So I have to struggling by myself.

— Voice 05 · Single Mother, Jakarta → Bali

Read More

Four longer narratives behind the voices.

01

The Mother & Her Son

A mother shares her story of caring for her premature son for 24 years — he was born two months early, spent 16 days in hospital, and remains unable to walk due to muscle issues despite having good brain function. She describes a life marked by her husband's infidelity (which she wishes she could "reset"), ongoing tension with her in-laws she lives with, and an unfulfilled dream of opening a food shop that fear and financial risk have prevented. Her mother serves as her emotional anchor and safe haven, along with her mother's mountain land where coffee and snake fruit grow — a place of peace she rarely gets to visit. Despite accumulated hardships, she expresses a desire to make her family happy and provide them what they need, holding both sadness for what has been and hope for what could still be.

02

The Lawyer Who Came Home

A native Balinese woman, grew up on the mountain side of Bali, and now runs a specialty coffee shop built on her family's coffee plantation. She is a former lawyer — went to law school, had a serious commercial law career, made good money, proved herself — then went through a significant depression, left the law, came home, opened the coffee shop with her entire life savings, and found herself. She has dyslexia and ADHD and spent most of her early life proving she wasn't stupid. She sold her violin during the depression. She still has her dogs. Her brother lives in Taiwan but came home when she needed help. She describes her current chapter as self-discovery. She is not an informal worker in the traditional sense — but she occupies a complicated middle space: she left formal employment by choice, built something precarious with everything she had, and now exists in a kind of deliberate informality that was only possible because she had capital to risk.

03

Use the Money as Good as Possible, Slow Down

A native Balinese man from Nusa Lembongan, a small island off Bali's coast. He runs a surf school and a bottle shop, surfs himself, runs in the mornings, and is trying to slow down in 2026 after years of pushing. His father is the person who shaped him most — a hard worker who taught him everything about business and life. COVID hit his island hard — two years of everything stopping. He describes it as a teaching: use the money as good as possible, slow down. He is extremely economically efficient but still exists in a context of extreme tourism dependency and the fragility that comes with it.

04

The Single Mother From Jakarta

A divorced single mother from Jakarta who has lived in Bali for eight years. She manages operations for a restaurant with two locations. She has two children — one in senior high school, one in vocational high school. Both parents are dead. Her brother and sister don't help her. Her ex-husband is gone. She describes her life as hectic, but says she feels more illegally — she means freely, more herself — than before. She is deeply strong, self-reliant, and quietly radical. She does freelance administrative work outside her official role — helping people with documents like Kitas (residency permits). She is the most structurally complex figure in your collection: a migrant woman, single mother, operating in a patriarchal system, doing invisible labour on top of visible labour, and somehow still standing.

Section 05

Interconnection Map

Every system of invisibility reinforces another. Click any node to trace its connections across labour law, economy, gentrification, gender, culture, and colonial history.

Gender / Culture
Law / Policy
Economy
Colonial
Gentrification
Annotation

Drag to pan · scroll / pinch to zoom · click a node to focus

"The invisible is the secret counterpart of the visible." — James Hillman